Shortcut Rules of Transformation of Sentences (Simple, Complex, Compound) | PKG WAY PDF BOOK

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Shortcut Rules of Transformation of Sentences (Simple, Complex, Compound) | PKG WAY

Shortcut Rules of Transformation of Sentences

Simple • Complex • Compound • Clause Interchange

Compiled by: Pabitra Kumar Ganguli (PKG SIR)

B.A. English (Hons.), M.A. 1st Class (Double M.A.), B.Ed., D.El.Ed., PGDCA, NET Qualified

Official Website: www.pkgway.in
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Chapter 1 : Basic Foundations (গঠনগত শ্রেণীবিভাগ)

Sentence Type Definition & Concept Examples
Simple Sentence
(সরল বাক্য)		 একটিমাত্র Subject এবং একটিমাত্র Finite Verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) থাকে। • The sun rises in the east.
• She is an intelligent girl.
• He works hard for his family.
Complex Sentence
(জটিল বাক্য)		 একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate (Dependent) Clause থাকে। • Tell me where you live.
• A man who is honest is respected by all.
• Although he was poor, he remained truthful.
Compound Sentence
(যৌগিক বাক্য)		 দুই বা ততোধিক স্বাধীন বাক্য (Coordinate Clauses) Co-ordinating Conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet, for) দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে। • The sky was cloudy and it started raining soon.
• I was tired, so I came back home.
• He worked hard, but he failed to win.

Chapter 2 : Joining & Synthesis into Simple Sentences

2.1 By Using Participles (Present, Past & Perfect)

নিয়ম ১ (Present Participle): একই Subject দুটি কাজ পরপর করলে এবং প্রথম কাজটি কারণ বা সময় নির্দেশ করলে প্রথম Verb-টির সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় (Verb+ing)।
  1. The mouse saw the cat. It hid itself into a hole.
    → Seeing the cat, the mouse hid itself into a hole.
  2. She was exhausted. She sat down on the floor.
    → Being exhausted, she sat down on the floor.
  3. He heard the news of his dismissal. He was shocked.
    → Hearing the news of his dismissal, he was shocked.
নিয়ম ২ (Premodifier & Postmodifier Participle):
• Premodifier (Noun-এর আগে): The man was dying. We took him to the hospital. → We took the dying man to the hospital.
• Postmodifier (Noun-এর পরে): He saw a farmer. The farmer was ploughing land. → He saw a farmer ploughing land.
নিয়ম ৩ (Perfect Participle): একটি কাজ পুরোপুরি শেষ হওয়ার ঠিক পরেই অন্য কাজ শুরু হলে Having + V3 ব্যবহার করা হয়।
• He ate rice. He set out. → Having eaten rice, he set out.
• Mother Teresa took permission from Pope. She left the convent. → Having taken permission from the Pope, Mother Teresa left the convent.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. My sister saw a snake. She jumped up in fear.
  2. The dacoits saw the police. They fled through the back door.
  3. We saw a horse. The horse was galloping down the street.
  4. She completed her job. She went to take rest.

2.2 By Using an Adjective (Adjective-এর সঠিক সংযোজন)

নিয়ম: দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে কোনো গুণ বা দোষবাচক Adjective থাকলে সেটিকে সরাসরি মূল Noun-টির পূর্বে বসিয়ে Simple Sentence গঠন করা হয়।
  1. I met a man. He was lame. → I met a lame man.
  2. You gave her a ring. The ring was made of gold. → You gave her a gold ring.
  3. A boy came to my office. He was poor and helpless. → A poor and helpless boy came to my office.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. He helped the beggar to cross the road. The beggar was blind.
  2. They lived in a cottage. The cottage was dark and gloomy.
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2.3 By Using Nominative Absolute (ভিন্ন Subject-এর ক্ষেত্রে)

নিয়ম: দুটি বাক্যের Subject যদি সম্পূর্ণ আলাদা হয় এবং কারণ-ফলাফল সম্পর্ক থাকে, তবে কারণ নির্দেশক Subject অপরিবর্তিত রেখে Verb-টিকে Participle (Active হলে having + V3 / being; Passive হলে having been + V3) করা হয়।
  1. The sun rose. The travellers set out. → The sun having risen, the travellers set out.
  2. The school was over. The boys left for home. → The school being over, the boys left for home.
  3. The car was damaged. We took a taxi. → The car having been damaged, we took a taxi.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. The war ended. Normal life was restored.
  2. The police arrived. Normalcy was restored.
  3. It was a holiday. We all stayed at home.

2.4 By Using an Infinitive ('to + verb' & 'too...to')

নিয়ম: উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে to + verb এবং নেতিবাচক অতিমাত্রা বোঝাতে too + adj + to + verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. He saved some money. He wanted to buy a car. → He saved some money to buy a car.
  2. He is very weak. He cannot walk. → He is too weak to walk.
  3. The sword was very heavy. It could not be lifted. → The sword was too heavy to be lifted.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. The boy was very foolish. He could not understand the sign.
  2. We must eat. We want to live.

2.5 By Using Noun or Phrase in Apposition

নিয়ম: কোনো Noun-এর পরিচয় বা উপাধি বোঝাতে তার ঠিক পাশে কমা (,) দিয়ে পরিচয়মূলক Phrase-টি বসাতে হয়।
  1. John Milton was a blind poet. He wrote 'Paradise Lost'.
    → John Milton, a blind poet, wrote 'Paradise Lost'.
  2. Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal. It is a city of great heritage.
    → Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is a city of great heritage.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. Rabindranath Tagore was a Nobel laureate. He composed the National Anthem.
  2. Delhi is the capital of India. It is situated on the bank of Yamuna.

2.6 By Using an Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

নিয়ম: অতিরিক্ত বাক্যটিকে একটিমাত্র উপযুক্ত Adverb (certainly, foolishly, evidently) বা Prepositional Adverbial-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
  1. You will succeed. It is certain. → You will certainly succeed.
  2. They ate up all seeds. This was foolish. → They foolishly ate up all seeds.
  3. The sun sank below the horizon. The sunset was gradual. → The sun gradually sank below the horizon.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. She refuted the argument. She did it in an intelligent manner.
  2. He failed to qualify for this. This was unfortunate.

2.7 By Using Preposition with Noun or Gerund

নিয়ম: বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে In spite of / Despite, কারণ বোঝাতে Due to / On account of / For, এবং অতিরিক্ত বোঝাতে Besides + Verb-ing বসে।
  1. He is poor. He is honest. → In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
  2. Sri Ashoke Paul is a good teacher. He is a good man. → Besides being a good teacher, Sri Ashoke Paul is a good man.
  3. His father died. He heard the news. He left for his motherland. → On hearing the news of his father's death, he left for his motherland.
Practice Exercise (Let's Try):
  1. Tanisha is intelligent. She is industrious.
  2. They are rich. They are not happy.

Chapter 3 : Joining & Synthesis into Complex Sentences

3.1 By Using Noun Clause

নিয়ম: Noun Clause বাক্যে Subject, Object, Prepositional Object অথবা Apposition হিসেবে কাজ করে। সাধারণত that, what, who, how, why, if/whether দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।
  1. How did he solve the problem? It is still a mystery. → How he solved the problem is still a mystery. [Subject]
  2. Some one is there. I do not know. → I do not know who is there. [Object]
  3. Fifty people died in the accident. The news shocked me. → The news that fifty people died in the accident shocked me. [Apposition]
  4. Does he like chocolates? I want to know this. → I want to know if he likes chocolates. [Object with if]

3.2 By Using Adjective / Relative Clause (Antecedent Rule)

Antecedent Rule: Relative Pronoun (who, which, that, whose, whom) সর্বদা তার পূর্ববর্তী Noun বা Antecedent-এর ঠিক পরেই বসবে।
• Incorrect: The boy won the first prize who is my neighbour.
• Correct: The boy who won the first prize is my neighbour.
  1. This is the village. I was born here. → This is the village where I was born.
  2. A man is standing on the lecture platform. He is a scientist. → The man who is standing on the lecture platform is a scientist.
  3. He bought a costly watch. → He bought a watch which was costly.

Clarifier: Noun Clause vs. Adjective Clause Difference

Context Noun Clause (No Antecedent) Adjective Clause (With Antecedent)
Reason I don't know why she behaved strangely. I don't know the reason why she behaved strangely.
Place Only you know where he lives. Only you know the place where he lives.
Time Tell me when the office opens. Tell me the time when the office opens.

3.3 By Using Adverbial Clause (7 Key Categories)

Type Connectives (বাংলা অর্থ) Worked Example
1. Time When, before, after, as soon as, till, until Wait here till I come back.
2. Place Where (যেখানে), Wherever (যেখানেই) You should keep it where it was.
3. Reason Because, As, Since (যেহেতু/কারণ) I could not join because I was ill.
4. Result so...that (এত...যে) He was so weak that he could not move.
5. Purpose so that (যাতে), lest (যাতে না ঘটে) We eat so that we may live.
6. Condition If (যদি), Unless (যদি না) If you search his bag, you will find it.
7. Concession Though, Although (যদিও...তবুও) Though he is rich, he is unhappy.

Chapter 4 : Joining into Compound Sentences

4 প্রকার Co-ordinating Conjunctions:
1. Cumulative (সংযোজক): and, both...and, not only...but also, as well as.
2. Alternative (বিকল্পসূচক): or, either...or, neither...nor, otherwise.
3. Adversative (বৈপরীত্যসূচক): but, yet, still, nevertheless, whereas.
4. Illative (ফলসূচক): so, therefore, for, consequently.
Given Simple / Pair Sentences Transformed Compound Sentence Type
Ramtanu is an actor. He is an orator. Ramtanu is an actor as well as an orator. Cumulative
Besides dancing well, Hema sings nicely. Hema not only dances well but also sings nicely. Cumulative
Make haste. You will be late. Make haste or you will be late. Alternative
He is poor. He is not dishonest. He is poor but not dishonest. Adversative
The weather was bad. They climbed the hill. The weather was bad, yet they climbed the hill. Adversative
He is weak. He cannot walk. He is weak, so he cannot walk. Illative
Everybody respects him. He is honest. Everybody respects him, for he is honest. Illative

Chapter 5 : Mutual Interchange Master Tables

5.1 Simple ↔ Complex Interchange Chart

Simple Sentence Complex Sentence Applied Clause
The boy admitted his guilt. The boy admitted that he was guilty. Noun Clause
I expect to meet her today. I expect that I shall meet her today. Noun Clause
She is an intelligent girl. She is a girl who is intelligent. Adjective Clause
A man of wisdom is respected by all. A man who is wise is respected by all. Adjective Clause
We returned home at sunset. We returned home when the sun set. Adverb Clause (Time)
In spite of being rich, he is unhappy. Though he is rich, he is unhappy. Adverb Clause (Concession)
The man was too tired to work anymore. The man was so tired that he could not work. Adverb Clause (Result)

5.2 Simple ↔ Compound Interchange Chart

Simple Sentence Compound Sentence
Finding his lost bag, the man felt happy. The man found his lost bag and felt happy.
The weather being rough, the ship returned. The weather was rough, so the ship returned.
The thief ran away to escape arrest. The thief ran away, for he wanted to escape arrest.
In spite of being sad, Rina attended the party. Rina was sad, but she attended the party.
Walk slowly on the muddy road to avoid a fall. Walk slowly on the muddy road or you may fall.

5.3 Complex ↔ Compound Interchange Chart

Complex Sentence Compound Sentence
Though he had many faults, he was a good man. He had many faults, but he was a good man at heart.
Unless you return the money, I shall call the police. Return the money or I shall call the police.
As he was tired, he sat under a tree. He was tired and so he sat under a tree.
As soon as the boys saw the teacher, they entered. The boys saw the teacher and immediately entered.
If you search his bag, you will find the money. Search his bag and you will find the money.

Chapter 6 : Integrated Master Practice Bank

Exercise A: Synthesis into Simple Sentences (বোর্ডের প্রশ্নাবলী)
  1. He has a plot of land. He wants to sell it. (Use Infinitive)
  2. She heard the news. She fainted. (Use Participle)
  3. The poor farmer has a son. The farmer must educate him. (Use Infinitive)
  4. The load was heavy. He cannot work anymore. (Use 'Too...to')
  5. Netaji was a great patriot. He founded the Azad Hind Fauj. (Use Apposition)
  6. The sun set. We returned home. (Use Nominative Absolute)
  7. He failed in the examination. It was unexpected. (Use Adverb)
Exercise B: Synthesis into Complex Sentences
  1. The news of his failure shocked me. (Use Noun Clause)
  2. Costly cars should not be driven on this road. (Use Adjective Clause)
  3. Cuckoo comes with spring. (Use Adverb Clause)
  4. She is ill. She did not come to school yesterday. (Use Clause of Reason)
  5. He was tall. He could not climb the tree. (Use Clause of Concession)
  6. I don't know the time of his arrival. (Use Noun Clause)
  7. He met a girl with blue eyes. (Use Adjective Clause)
Exercise C: Mutual Interchange Across All Forms
  1. We sow so that we may reap. (Turn into Compound)
  2. In spite of being poor, he is honest. (Turn into Compound & Complex)
  3. Only the brave deserve the fair. (Turn into Complex)
  4. Seeing the snake, the child shouted. (Turn into Compound)
  5. Work hard or you will fail. (Turn into Simple and Complex)
  6. He is so old that he cannot run fast. (Turn into Simple using 'too...to')
  7. As soon as the bell rang, the students went into classrooms. (Turn into Compound)
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