Important Short Questions and Answers of MJC 1 ,1st Semester MJC1 English Hons Suggestion 2026

 

Important Short Questions and Answers of MJC 1

UNIT 1: POETRY

1. Shakespeare’s “Sonnet No. 29”

Q1. What is the speaker’s initial state of mind in "Sonnet 29"?

Ans: The speaker is initially in a state of deep depression, feeling isolated, disgraced by "fortune and men's eyes," and outcast from society.

Q2. Explain the phrase “trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries.” +

Ans: It means the poet prays to God in vain; his cries are "bootless" (useless) because God seems "deaf" and does not answer his prayers for help.

Q3. What specifically does the poet envy in other men?

Ans: He envies others' "hope," their physical appearance ("featured like him"), their social connections ("with friends possessed"), and their artistic skills or intellectual range ("this man's art and that man's scope").

Q4. How does the mood shift (the volta) occur in the poem?

Ans: The shift occurs at line 9 with the word "Yet." The mood changes from despair to joy when the speaker suddenly thinks of his beloved.

Q5. What simile does Shakespeare use to describe his spirit rising? 

Ans: He compares his rising spirit to "the lark at break of day arising / From sullen earth," singing hymns at heaven's gate.

Q6. Why does the speaker conclude that he would not change his state with kings? 

Ans: The memory of his beloved’s "sweet love" brings such immense spiritual wealth that he feels richer than a king and no longer desires to trade places with anyone.

Q7. What is the rhyme scheme of Sonnet 29?

Ans: The rhyme scheme is typical of a Shakespearean sonnet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

Q8. What does "sullen earth" suggest in the poem? 

Ans: It suggests the gloomy, dark, and depressing world the speaker feels trapped in before his spirit rises like a bird leaving the ground.

Q9. Does the poem resolve the speaker's external problems? 

Ans: No, his external situation (poverty, disgrace) remains the same; only his internal emotional state and perspective change due to love.

Q10. What is the central theme of Sonnet 29?

Ans: The central theme is the redemptive power of love, which can compensate for all material lack, social ostracization, and self-pity.


2. John Donne’s “The Ecstasy”

Q1. Describe the setting of the poem "The Ecstasy". Ans: The setting is a pastoral riverbank where two lovers sit on a "violet pillow," holding hands in a state of quiet, spiritual communion.

Q2. What is the significance of the lovers’ hands being "cemented" by balm? Ans: It signifies the physical union and the sweat ("balm") that joins them, acting as the only current physical connection while their souls communicate.

Q3. How does Donne describe the souls in relation to the bodies? Ans: The souls are described as leaving the bodies to hang "twixt" (between) the two lovers, negotiating and conversing, while the bodies lie still like statues.

Q4. What does the "violet" metaphor represent? Ans: The transplanting of a violet represents how two individual souls, when united by love, form a new, single, and more perfect soul (the "abler soul").

Q5. What is the main argument of "The Ecstasy"? Ans: The argument is that while true love begins in the soul, it must eventually return to the body to express itself fully ("Love's mysteries in souls do grow, but yet the body is his book").

Q6. "The soul is the prisoner of the body." Does Donne support this? Ans: No, Donne challenges this. He views the body not as a prison, but as a necessary vessel and medium ("alloy") that allows the soul to function and express love in the physical world.

Q7. Who is the hypothetical "listener" in the poem? Ans: A "lover, such as we"—someone who is also refined in the art of love—who might stand nearby and understand the spiritual language of their souls.

Q8. Explain the term "interinanimates". Ans: It is a metaphysical term coined by Donne meaning that the two souls mix together to breathe life into one another, creating a new, superior unity.

Q9. Why must the lovers "descend" to affections and faculties? Ans: They must return to their bodies ("affections and faculties") so that their love can be realized physically; otherwise, "a great prince in prison lies" (love remains locked away).

Q10. What is a "Metaphysical Conceit"? Give one example from the poem. Ans: It is an extended, intellectual metaphor. An example is comparing the two souls to two equal armies that negotiate a peace treaty between them.

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3. John Keats’s “Ode to a Nightingale”

Q1. Why does the poet’s heart ache in the opening stanza? Ans: His heart aches not from sorrow, but from an excess of happiness ("being too happy in thine happiness") upon hearing the nightingale’s song.

Q2. What does "a draught of vintage" symbolize? Ans: It symbolizes the poet's desire for wine (inspiration/intoxication) to help him escape the painful reality of the world and join the bird in the forest.

Q3. Why does the speaker wish to "fade far away"? Ans: He wants to escape the human world of "weariness, the fever, and the fret," where people grow old, suffer, and die.

Q4. Who is Bacchus? Ans: Bacchus is the Roman god of wine. Keats mentions him to say he will not fly to the bird using wine (Bacchus's chariot), but through poetry.

Q5. Explain the phrase "viewless wings of Poesy." Ans: It refers to the invisible power of human imagination and poetry, which allows the speaker to mentally travel to the bird's world without moving physically.

Q6. How is death described in the poem ("Soft embalmed darkness")? Ans: Death is described as a seductive, peaceful release ("rich to die"), a way to cease existence painlessly while listening to the bird's beautiful song.

Q7. What is the significance of the reference to "Ruth"? Ans: It connects the bird’s song to the ancient past, suggesting the same immortal song comforted the biblical figure Ruth when she was homesick in a foreign land.

Q8. How does the word "forlorn" affect the poet? Ans: The word acts like a warning bell that breaks his trance, bringing him abruptly back from the world of imagination to his real, solitary self.

Q9. Why is the bird called "immortal"? Ans: The bird is immortal not because the individual bird lives forever, but because its song has remained unchanged and beautiful throughout history, outliving generations of humans.

Q10. How does the poem end? Ans: It ends with a question ("Was it a vision, or a waking dream? / Fled is that music:—Do I wake or sleep?"), leaving the boundary between reality and imagination ambiguous.

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4. Keats’s “When I have fears that I may cease to be” (Terror of Death)

Q1. What is the primary fear expressed in the first quatrain? Ans: Keats fears he will die ("cease to be") before he has written down all the teeming thoughts and poems that are in his brain.

Q2. Explain the metaphor "full-ripened grain." Ans: He compares his unwritten poems to a harvest of grain that he wants to gather and store in books ("garners") before he dies.

Q3. What does "high-piled books, in charactery" mean? Ans: It refers to the many volumes of poetry he hopes to write and print, which would hold the "harvest" of his intellect.

Q4. Who is the "fair creature of an hour"? Ans: It refers to his beloved (likely Fanny Brawne), whose beauty he fears he will not live long enough to praise or enjoy.

Q5. What does the poet mean by the "magic hand of chance"? Ans: He personifies "Chance" (fate/luck) as a magician who determines whether he will live long enough to transform his inspiration into poetry.

Q6. What is the realization in the final couplet? Ans: He realizes that in the face of the vast, eternal universe ("wide world"), human concerns like "Love and Fame" sink into nothingness and become unimportant.

Q7. How does the structure of this sonnet reflect its theme? Ans: It is a Shakespearean sonnet (three quatrains and a couplet). The quatrains list his desires (fame, romance), and the couplet provides a philosophical resolution (acceptance of insignificance).

Q8. What does "shadows" refer to in the poem? Ans: "Shadows" refers to the mysterious, cloudy symbols of high romance that he wishes to trace/write about in his poetry.

Q9. Why does Keats stand "on the shore of the wide world"? Ans: It is a metaphor for standing at the edge of existence, contemplating the vastness of the universe and the inevitability of death.

Q10. What is the tone of the ending? Ans: The tone is one of resignation and nihilism—a quiet acceptance that death makes all human ambition futile.

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5. Jayanta Mahapatra’s “Grass”

Q1. What does the grass symbolize in the poem? Ans: The grass symbolizes nature’s indifference to human suffering and its ability to cover up the history of violence and death over time.

Q2. "I am not a part of this." What is the speaker distancing himself from? Ans: The speaker feels detached from the careless, regenerating cycle of nature (the grass) that easily forgets the human tragedies buried beneath it.

Q3. Explain the imagery of "drying blood." Ans: It refers to the horrors of war and death that once occurred on the land, which the grass now obliviously covers.

Q4. How does the poem personify the wind? Ans: The wind is described as "impatient," reflecting the restless movement of nature that does not pause to mourn the dead.

Q5. What is the significance of the "buried voices"? Ans: They represent the dead soldiers or victims of the past whose stories and cries are silenced by the layer of growing grass.

Q6. How does the poem address the passage of time? Ans: It shows time as a force that erases individual human history; as the grass grows, the memory of the specific pain fades.

Q7. What is the tone of the poem? Ans: The tone is somber and reflective, highlighting the contrast between the forgetfulness of nature and the memory of human pain.

Q8. What does the "warm sun" signify? Ans: The sun represents the continuation of life and normalcy, shining indifferently on a place that was once a scene of death.

Q9. Why is the grass described as "light" or "easy"? Ans: Because nature does not carry the heavy burden of guilt or memory that humans do; it simply grows.

Q10. How does Mahapatra criticize modern apathy? Ans: By showing how easily the grass covers the dead, he metaphorically suggests that society also tends to forget past tragedies too quickly.

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6. Elements of Poetry (Theory)

Q1. Define a 'Lyric' poem. Ans: A lyric is a short, musical poem that expresses the personal thoughts, emotions, and feelings of a single speaker (e.g., Keats's Odes).

Q2. What is an 'Ode'? Ans: An Ode is a formal, elevated lyric poem written in praise of a specific subject, person, or object (e.g., Ode to a Nightingale).

Q3. Distinguish between a Shakespearean and a Petrarchan Sonnet. Ans: A Shakespearean sonnet has 3 quatrains and 1 couplet (abab cdcd efef gg), while a Petrarchan sonnet has an octave and a sestet (abbaabba cdecde).

Q4. Define 'Metaphor'. Ans: A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as" (e.g., "The world is a stage").

Q5. What is 'Rhythm' in poetry? Ans: Rhythm is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse, creating a musical flow or beat.

Q6. Explain 'Alliteration'. Ans: Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (e.g., "Full fathom five").

Q7. What is 'Imagery'? Ans: Imagery involves using descriptive language that appeals to the five senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell) to create mental pictures.

Q8. Define 'Simile'. Ans: A simile is a comparison between two different things using the words "like" or "as" (e.g., "Red as a rose").

Q9. What is a 'Dramatic Monologue'? Ans: A poem where a single speaker addresses a silent listener, revealing their own character and situation inadvertently (e.g., Browning’s My Last Duchess).

Q10. What is 'Meter'? Ans: Meter is the regular rhythmic structure of a poem, determined by the number and type of "feet" per line (e.g., Iambic Pentameter).

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UNIT 2: UNDERSTANDING FICTION

7. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Q1. Why does Victor Frankenstein create the creature? Ans: Driven by ambition and a desire to banish disease and death, Victor wants to discover the secret of life and become the creator of a new species that would bless him.

Q2. "Frankenstein is a warning against scientific overreach." Explain. Ans: Victor usurps the role of God by creating life but fails to take responsibility for it. His lack of foresight leads to destruction, warning against science without ethics.

Q3. How does Victor react to the creature immediately after its birth? Ans: He is horrified by its grotesque appearance, filled with disgust, and immediately flees the room, abandoning his creation.

Q4. Who are the DeLaceys? Ans: They are a family of peasants the creature observes from a hovel. From them, he learns language, reading, and the concept of family and love.

Q5. Why does the creature demand a female companion? Ans: He is intensely lonely and rejected by all humans. He believes a female of his own kind is the only being who could accept and love him.

Q6. What is the narrative structure of the novel? Ans: It is a "frame narrative" or a story within a story: Walton’s letters frame Victor’s story, which in turn frames the creature’s own narrative.

Q7. How does the creature frame the murder of William? Ans: He strangles William and then plants the locket William was wearing in the pocket of Justine Moritz, the Frankenstein family servant, framing her.

Q8. Why does the creature compare himself to Satan? Ans: Like Satan in Paradise Lost, he is a fallen angel who was created superior but cast out; however, he notes that even Satan had companions, while he has none.

Q9. What ultimately kills Victor? Ans: Physical exhaustion and illness brought on by his obsessive pursuit of the creature across the frozen Arctic wastelands.

Q10. What happens to the creature at the end? Ans: After finding Victor dead, the creature mourns him, expresses remorse, and vows to travel north to burn himself on a funeral pyre.

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8. Ruskin Bond’s The Room on the Roof

Q1. Why does Rusty run away from home? Ans: He runs away to escape the strict, culturally isolated, and abusive environment of his guardian, Mr. Harrison, and to explore the "Indian" side of Dehra.

Q2. Who is Somi? Ans: Somi is a friendly Sikh boy who befriends Rusty, introduces him to Indian culture (like the chaat shop and Holi), and helps him find a job and housing.

Q3. What is the significance of the "room on the roof"? Ans: It symbolizes Rusty’s newfound independence, his private space for self-discovery, and his transition from a sheltered child to a young adult.

Q4. Who is Meena? Ans: Meena is the mother of the boy (Kishen) Rusty tutors. Rusty falls in love with her, representing his first experience with romance and adult emotions.

Q5. How does Rusty earn a living after running away? Ans: He earns a small salary by giving English lessons to Mr. Kapoor’s son, Kishen.

Q6. What role does the banyan tree play? Ans: The banyan tree is a place of refuge and contemplation for Rusty, representing his connection to the nature of India.

Q7. What tragedy befalls Meena? Ans: Meena and her husband die in a car accident while traveling to Delhi, which devastates Rusty and Kishen.

Q8. How does Kishen change by the end of the novel? Ans: Kishen matures from a mischievous child into a "thief" surviving on his own, and eventually joins Rusty in deciding to leave Dehra.

Q9. Why does Rusty decide to leave for England? Ans: He feels that with his friends gone and Meena dead, his time in Dehra is over, but he ultimately decides to return to check on Kishen first.

Q10. What is the central theme of the novel? Ans: The central theme is the search for identity and belonging, particularly for an Anglo-Indian boy caught between British heritage and Indian reality.

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9. James Joyce’s “Araby”

Q1. What is "Araby"? Ans: Araby is the name of a bazaar (market) in Dublin with an "Eastern" theme, which the narrator views as a magical, exotic place.

Q2. Who is the object of the narrator’s affection? Ans: Mangan’s sister. She is never named, emphasizing that she is an idealized figure in the boy's mind rather than a real person.

Q3. Why does the narrator want to go to Araby? Ans: He wants to buy a gift for Mangan’s sister because she cannot go herself (she has a retreat at her convent).

Q4. Why is the narrator’s uncle late? Ans: The uncle forgets about the boy’s request and arrives home late, likely because he was out drinking.

Q5. What epiphany does the narrator have at the end? Ans: He realizes his romantic quest was foolish and driven by vanity. He sees the bazaar as a drab, commercial place, shattering his illusions.

Q6. What does the "blind street" symbolize? Ans: It symbolizes the moral and intellectual stagnation of Dublin and the limited, "blind" perspective of the narrator before his epiphany.

Q7. How does the story describe the boy’s love? Ans: It is described as a "confused adoration," blending religious devotion with romantic desire (e.g., carrying her image like a "chalice").

Q8. What happens at the bazaar when he arrives? Ans: Most of the stalls are closed, the lights are being turned off, and he overhears a trivial, flirtatious conversation between a shopgirl and two men.

Q9. Why doesn't he buy a gift? Ans: He feels disheartened by the darkness, the high prices, and the realization that the bazaar is not the magical place he imagined.

Q10. How is "Araby" a coming-of-age story? Ans: It marks the transition from childhood innocence and fantasy to the harsh, disillusioning reality of the adult world.

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10. O. Henry’s “The Last Leaf”

Q1. Where is the story set? Ans: It is set in Greenwich Village, New York, an art colony where many painters and artists live.

Q2. What is Johnsy’s illness? Ans: She is suffering from pneumonia, which is personified as a cold, unseen stranger stalking the colony.

Q3. What is Johnsy’s obsession with the ivy vine? Ans: She believes that her life is linked to the ivy vine outside her window and that she will die when the last leaf falls.

Q4. Who is Behrman? Ans: He is an old, failed artist who lives downstairs and constantly talks about painting a "masterpiece" but never starts it.

Q5. What is the relationship between Sue and Johnsy? Ans: They are young artists and roommates who share a studio and care for each other deeply.

Q6. How does Behrman save Johnsy? Ans: He goes out in a freezing storm to paint a realistic leaf on the wall after the real last leaf has fallen, tricking Johnsy into thinking it is still there.

Q7. What happens to Behrman? Ans: He catches pneumonia from being out in the cold rain painting the leaf and dies two days later.

Q8. What is Behrman’s "Masterpiece"? Ans: The painted leaf is his masterpiece because it is so realistic it fools Johnsy and, more importantly, it saves a life.

Q9. Why does the doctor say Johnsy’s chances are low initially? Ans: Because she has lost the will to live and has mentally accepted death ("she has one mind and that is to die").

Q10. What is the theme of the story? Ans: The themes are the power of the mind (hope vs. despair) and the nature of true sacrifice and art.


11. Mahasweta Devi’s “The Hunt”

Q1. Who is the protagonist of "The Hunt"? Ans: Mary Oraon, a tribal woman of mixed descent (daughter of a tribal mother and a white planter).

Q2. What festival is central to the story? Ans: The "Jani Parab" (Women’s Hunt), a tribal festival where women act as hunters for a day.

Q3. Who is the antagonist/villain in the story? Ans: The Tehsildar (Prasadji), a corrupt and lecherous contractor who exploits the tribal people and lusts after Mary.

Q4. How is Mary described? Ans: She is described as beautiful, fierce, independent, and capable of managing the estate better than men.

Q5. What does the "Hunt" symbolize for Mary? Ans: It symbolizes her claiming agency and justice. She uses the tradition of hunting animals to hunt down the predatory Tehsildar.

Q6. How does Mary kill the Tehsildar? Ans: She lures him into the forest, and then, wielding a machete like a hunter, she hacks him to death.

Q7. What social issue does the story highlight? Ans: It highlights the sexual exploitation of tribal women by powerful outsiders and the ecological destruction of forests.

Q8. What is unique about the ending of the story? Ans: Mary does not flee; she returns to her lover Jalim and confesses, showing a sense of righteousness rather than guilt.

Q9. What does the "beast" represent in the story? Ans: While the women hunt animals, the real "beast" is the Tehsildar, representing colonial and patriarchal oppression.

Q10. Why is Mary considered an outcast? Ans: Being of mixed blood, she is not fully accepted by the white community nor fully integrated into the tribal community, though the tribals respect her strength.


12. Elements of Fiction (Theory)

Q1. Define 'Plot'. Ans: Plot is the sequence of events in a story, structured with a beginning, middle, and end, linked by cause and effect.

Q2. What is a 'Protagonist'? Ans: The protagonist is the central character of the story who drives the action and with whom the reader is meant to empathize.

Q3. Define 'Point of View' (POV). Ans: POV is the perspective from which a story is told (e.g., First Person "I", Third Person Omniscient "He/She").

Q4. What is 'Setting'? Ans: Setting refers to the time, place, and social environment in which the story takes place.

Q5. What is a 'Flashback'? Ans: A literary device where the narrative jumps back in time to reveal events that happened before the current story.

Q6. Define 'Climax'. Ans: The climax is the turning point of the story, the moment of highest tension or drama where the main conflict is resolved.

Q7. What is 'Antagonist'? Ans: The character or force that opposes the protagonist, creating conflict.

Q8. Explain 'Theme'. Ans: The theme is the underlying central idea, message, or moral of the story (e.g., the danger of ambition).

Q9. What is a 'Short Story'? Ans: A piece of prose fiction that can typically be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents.

Q10. What is 'Foreshadowing'? Ans: A technique where the author gives hints or clues about what will happen later in the story.

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UNIT 3: DRAMA

13. J.M. Synge’s Riders to the Sea

Q1. Where is Riders to the Sea set? Ans: It is set in a cottage on an island off the West of Ireland (the Aran Islands).

Q2. Who is Maurya? Ans: Maurya is the tragic protagonist, an old mother who has lost her husband and five sons to the sea.

Q3. Who is Bartley? Ans: Bartley is Maurya’s last surviving son, who insists on sailing to the Galway fair to sell a horse despite the bad weather.

Q4. What do the clothes found in Donegal prove? Ans: The clothes confirm that Michael (the missing son) has drowned, as his sister Nora identifies the stitches on the stocking.

Q5. What are the "Riders" in the title? Ans: They refer to the sons riding horses down to the sea, and symbolically, the inevitable ride toward death.

Q6. What omen does Maurya see at the spring well? Ans: She sees the ghost of her dead son Michael riding on the grey pony behind Bartley, which she interprets as a sign that Bartley will die.

Q7. "No man at all can be living for ever, and we must be satisfied." Explain. Ans: These are Maurya's final words. They represent her resignation and acceptance of fate; the sea can take nothing more from her, so she finds a tragic peace.

Q8. Why is Riders to the Sea considered a tragedy? Ans: It evokes pity and fear through the inevitable destruction of a family by the relentless forces of nature (the Sea).

Q9. What does the white boards symbolize? Ans: The white boards were meant for Michael’s coffin but are ultimately used for Bartley, symbolizing the constant presence of death in their lives.

Q10. How is the Sea personified? Ans: The Sea is treated as a relentless, hungry antagonist that actively consumes the lives of the men in the family.


14. Girish Karnad’s Tughlaq

Q1. What is the historical basis of Tughlaq? Ans: The play is based on the life of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the 14th-century Sultan of Delhi, known for his ambitious but failed experiments.

Q2. "Tughlaq is a play about the paradox of the idealist." Explain. Ans: Tughlaq wants to build a perfect, secular utopian empire, but his idealism is disconnected from reality, leading to tyranny and chaos.

Q3. Why does Tughlaq shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad? Ans: He believes Daulatabad is more central and will help integrate the Hindu south and Muslim north, but the forced migration causes immense suffering.

Q4. Who are Aziz and Aazam? Ans: They are two opportunists and con-men (a dhobi and a pickpocket) who exploit Tughlaq’s policies to make money.

Q5. What does the game of Chess symbolize in the play? Ans: It symbolizes Tughlaq’s manipulative political maneuvering and his view of people as mere pawns in his grand strategy.

Q6. Why does Tughlaq introduce copper currency? Ans: He wants to improve the economy, but without proper state control, people start minting fake coins, leading to economic collapse.

Q7. What is the role of the Step-mother? Ans: She is one of the few people Tughlaq trusts, but he eventually orders her execution (stoning) when she kills the vizier Najib to "save" Tughlaq.

Q8. How does the play reflect the Nehruvian era? Ans: Written in 1964, it is often seen as an allegory for the disillusionment with the post-independence Nehru era—high idealism followed by political chaos.

Q9. "I have become a thoroughbred King." When does Tughlaq say this? Ans: He says this when he embraces violence and cruelty to suppress rebellions, realizing that idealism alone cannot hold power.

Q10. How does the play end? Ans: It ends with Tughlaq sleeping while the call to prayer (Azan) is heard, symbolizing his total isolation and the failure of his spiritual and political quest.


15. Elements of Drama (Theory)

Q1. Define 'Tragedy'. Ans: A drama where the protagonist suffers a downfall due to a fatal flaw (hamartia) or fate, evoking pity and fear (catharsis) in the audience.

Q2. What is a 'One-Act Play'? Ans: A play that takes place in a single act, usually with one setting and a limited number of characters, focusing on a single incident (e.g., Riders to the Sea).

Q3. Define 'Comedy'. Ans: A type of drama that is humorous and has a happy ending, often focusing on social misunderstandings and marriage.

Q4. What is 'Soliloquy'? Ans: A speech where a character speaks their inner thoughts aloud while alone on stage (e.g., Hamlet’s "To be or not to be").

Q5. What is 'Climax' in drama? Ans: The point of highest tension in the play where the conflict reaches its peak and the outcome becomes inevitable.

Q6. Define 'Stage Directions'. Ans: Instructions in the script (usually in italics) telling actors where to move, how to speak, or describing the set and lighting.

Q7. What is 'Dialogue'? Ans: The conversation between two or more characters on stage.

Q8. What is 'Conflict'? Ans: The struggle between opposing forces (Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Self) that drives the plot.

Q9. Define 'Protagonist'. Ans: The main character of the play around whom the plot revolves.

Q10. What is 'Catharsis'? Ans: The emotional purging or cleansing of pity and fear that the audience experiences at the end of a tragedy.

 

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